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“How could I allow my soldiers to sail on this disloyal and cruel sea?” These words, attributed to the most powerful caliph of medieval Islam, Umar Ibn al-Khattab (634–644), have led to a misunderstanding in the West about the importance of the Mediterranean to early Islam. This body of water, known in Late Antiquity as the Sea of the Romans, was critical to establishing the kingdom of the caliphs and for introducing the new religion to Europe and Africa. Over time, it also became a pathway to commercial and political dominion, indispensable to the prosperity and influence of the Islamic world. Sea of the Caliphs returns Muslim sailors to their place of prominence in the history of the Islamic caliphate. As early as the seventh century, Muslim sailors competed with Greek and Latin seamen for control of this far-flung route of passage. Christophe Picard recreates these adventures as they were communicated to admiring Muslims by their rulers. After the Arab conquest of southern Europe and North Africa, Muslims began to speak of the Mediterranean in their strategic visions, business practices, and notions of nature and the state. Jurists and ideologues conceived of the sea as a conduit for jihad, even as Muslims’ maritime trade with Latin, Byzantine, and Berber societies increased. In the thirteenth century, Christian powers took over Mediterranean trade routes, but by that time a Muslim identity that operated both within and in opposition to Europe had been shaped by encounters across the sea of the caliphs.

Introduction: The End of the Moorish and Saracen Pirate? Part I: The Arab Mediterranean between Representation and Appropriation 1. The Arab Discovery of the Mediterranean 2. Arab Writing on the Conquest of the Mediterranean 3. The Silences of the Sea: The Abbasid Jihad 4. The Geographers’ Mediterranean 5. Muslim Centers of the Western Mediterranean: Islam without the Abbasids 6. The Mediterranean of the Western Caliphs 7. The Western Mediterranean: Last Bastion of Islam’s Maritime Ambitions Part II: Mediterranean Strategies of the Caliphs 8. The Mediterranean of the Two Empires 9. Controlling the Mediterranean: The Abbasid Model 10. The Maritime Awakening of the Muslim West 11. The Maritime Imperialism of the Caliphs in the Tenth Century: The End of Jihad? 12. Islam’s Maritime Sovereignty in the Face of Latin Expansion Conclusion: The Medieval Mediterranean and Islamic Memory Notes Glossary Chronologies Selected Bibliography Index

Christophe Picard is Professor of History at the University of Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne.

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