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This book is about particles in the narrower sense of the word as opposed to the broader meaning covering all uninflected words of a language. In the narrower meaning of the linguistic term particles can be distinguished between logical, or scalar particles and modal, or pragmatic particles. The semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of modal particles differ vastly from those of the scalar particles, on the one hand, and their homonymic counterparts functioning in different syntactic categories, on the other hand. The contributions to this volume offer the latest research on the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of particles in the English and German language.

Foreword vii Introduction 1 Identical values in conflicting roles: The use of German ausgerechnet, eben, genau and gerade as focus particles 11 Focusing and background operators Arnim von Stechow 37 Schon — erst — noch : An integrated analysis Sebastian Löbner 85 On the semantics of modal particles Joachim Jacobs 141 ‘Wir sind ja doch alte bekannte’. The use of German ja and doch als modal particles Katrin Lindner 163 Discourse particles in German: How does their illocutive force come about? Werner Abraham 203 German particles in modular grammar: Neurolinguistic evidence Josef Bayer 253 The treatment of function words in a new billingual German-English dictionary Ekkehard König and Detlef Stark 303 Index of names 329 Subject index 332 Index of particles and related lexemes 336

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