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An Epistemology of the Concrete brings together case studies and theoretical reflections on the history and epistemology of the life sciences by Hans-Jorg Rheinberger, one of the world's foremost philosophers of science. In these essays he examines the history of experiments, concepts, model organisms, instruments, and the gamut of epistemological, institutional, political, and social factors that determine the actual course of the development of knowledge. Building on ideas in his influential book Toward a History of Epistemic Things, Rheinberger considers ways of historicizing scientific knowledge, different configurations of genetic experimentation in the first half of the twentieth century, and the interaction between apparatuses, experiments, and concept formation in molecular biology in the second half of the twentieth century. He delves into fundamental epistemological issues bearing on the relationship between instruments and objects of knowledge, laboratory preparations as a special class of epistemic objects, and the note-taking and write-up techniques utilized in research labs. He takes up topics from the French "historical epistemologists" Gaston Bachelard and Georges Canguilhem to the liquid scintillation counter, a radioactivity measuring device that became a crucial tool for molecular biology and biomedicine in the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout An Epistemology of the Concrete, Rheinberger shows how assemblagesohistorical conjuncturesoset the conditions for the emergence of epistemic novelty. He also conveys the fascination of scientific things: those organisms, spaces, apparatuses, and techniques transformed by research and transforming research in turn.

Illustrations vii Foreword / Tim Lenoir xi Prologue 1 Part I. Historical Epistemology 1. Ludwik Fleck, Edmond Husserl: On the Historicity of Scientific Knowledge 13 2. Gaston Bachelard: The Concept of "Phenomenotechnique" 25 3. Georges Canguilhem: Epistemological History 37 Part II. Model Organisms: Studies in the History of Heredity and Reproduction 4. Pisum: Carl Carren's Experiments on Xenia, 1896–99 51 5. Eudorina: Max Hartmann's Experiments on Biological Regulation in Protozoa, 1914–21 82 6. Ephistia: Alfred Kühn's Experimental Design for a Developmental Physiological Genetics, 1924–45 94 7. Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Virus Research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes for Biochemistry and Biology, 1937–45 128 Part III. Concepts and Instruments: Studies in the History of Molecular Biology 8. The Concept of the Gene: Molecular Biological Perspectives 153 9. The Liquid Scintillation Counter: Traces of Radioactivity 170 10. The Concept of Information 203 Part IV. Epistemic Configurations 11. Intersections 217 12. Preparations 233 13. The Economy of the Scribble 244 Acknowledgments 253 Abbreviations 255 Notes 257 Bibliography 289 Index 321

Hans-Jörg Rheinberger is Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. He is the author of On Historicizing Epistemology: An Essay and Toward a History of Epistemic Things: Synthesizing Proteins in the Test Tube.

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