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A standard reference for chemists for 70 years, this new Sixteenth Edition features an enormous compilation of facts, data, tabular material, and experimental findings in every area of chemistry.Included in this massive compendium are listings of the properties of approximately 4,400 organic and 1,400 inorganic compounds. This Sixteenth Edition offers 40% new or extensively revised content and starting with this edition, the author includes equations that allow users to calculate important values such as temperature and pressure. Contents: Organic Compounds • General Information, Conversion Tables, and Mathematics • Inorganic Compounds • Properties of Atom, Radicals, and Bonds • Physical Properties • Thermodynamic Properties • Spectroscopy • Electrolytes, Electromotive Force and Chemicals • Physicochemical Relationships • Polymers, Rubbers,Fats, Oils, and Waxes • Practical Laboratory Information

PREFACE TO THE SIXTEENTH EDITION PREFACE TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Section 1: Inorganic Chemistry 1.1 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.3 1.1.1 Writing Formulas 1.4 1.1.2 Naming Compounds 1.5 1.1.3 Cations 1.8 1.1.4 Anions 1.8 1.1.5 Acids 1.9 Table 1.1 Trivial Names for Acids 1.10 1.1.6 Salts and Functional Derivatives of Acids 1.11 1.1.7 Coordination Compounds 1.11 1.1.8 Addition Compounds 1.13 1.1.9 Synonyms and Trade Names 1.13 Table 1.2 Synonyms and Mineral Names 1.13 1.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.16 1.2.1 Density 1.16 1.2.2 Melting Point (Freezing Temperature) 1.16 1.2.3 Boiling Point 1.16 1.2.4 Refractive Index 1.17 Table 1.3 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds 1.18 Table 1.4 Color,Crystal Symmetry and Refarctive Index of Inogranic Compounds 1.64 Table 1.5 Refractive Index of Minerals 1.86 Table 1.6 Properties of Molten Salts 1.88 Table 1.7 Triple Points of Various Materials 1.90 Table 1.8 Density of Mercury and Water 1.91 Table 1.9 Specific Gravity of Air at Various Temperatures 1.92 Table 1.10 Boiling Points of Water 1.93 Table 1.11 Boiling Points of Water 1.94 Table 1.12 Refractive Index,Viscosity,Dielectr ic Constant,and Surface Tension of Water at Various Temperatures 1.95 Table 1.13 Compressibility of Water 1.95 Table 1.14 Flammability Limits of Inorganic Compounds in Air 1.96 1.3 THE ELEMENTS 1.96 Table 1.15 Subdivision of Main Energy Levels 1.96 Table 1.16 Chemical Symbols,At omic Numbers,and Electron Arrangements of the Elements 1.97 Table 1.17 Atomic Numbers,Periods,and Groups of the Elements (The Periodic Table) 1.121 Table 1.18 Atomic Weights of the Elements 1.122 Table 1.19 Physical Properties of the Elements 1.124 Table 1.20 Conductivity and Resistivity of the Elements 1.128 Table 1.21 Work Functions of the Elements 1.132 Table 1.22 Relative Abundances of Naturally Occurring Isotopes 1.132 Table 1.23 Radioactivity of the Elements (Neptunium Series) 1.135 Table 1.24 Radioactivity of the Elements (Thorium Series) 1.136 Table 1.25 Radioactivity of the Elements (Actinium Series) 1.137 Table 1.26 Radioactivity of the Elements (Uranium Series) 1.137 1.4 IONIZATION ENERGY 1.138 Table 1.27 lonization Energy of the Elements 1.138 Table 1.28 lonization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species 1.141 1.5 ELECTRONEGATIVITY 1.145 Table 1.29 Electronegativity Values of the Elements 1.145 1.6 ELECTRON AFFINITY 1.146 Table 1.30 Electron Affinities of Elements,Molecules,and Radicals 1.146 1.7 BOND LENGTHS AND STRENGTHS 1.150 1.7.1 Atom Radius 1.151 1.7.2 Ionic Radii 1.151 1.7.3 Covalent Radii 1.151 Table 1.31 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements 1.151 Table 1.32 Approximate Effective Ionic Radii in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C 1.157 Table 1.33 Covalent Radii for Atoms 1.158 Table 1.34 Octahedral Covalent Radii for CN = 6 1.158 Table 1.35 Bond Lengths between Elements 1.159 Table 1.36 Bond Dissociation Energies 1.160 1.8 DIPOLE MOMENTS 1.171 Table 1.37 Bond Dipole Moments 1.171 Table 1.38 Group Dipole Moments 1.172 1.8.1 Dielectric Constant 1.172 Table 1.39 Dipole Moments and Dielectric Constants 1.173 1.9 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY 1.174 Table 1.40 Spatial Orientation of Common Hybrid Bonds 1.175 Table 1.41 Crystal Lattice Types 1.176 Table 1.42 Crystal Structure 1.177 1.10 NUCLIDES 1.177 Table 1.43 Table of Nuclides 1.177 1.11 VAPOR PRESSURE 1.199 1.11.1 Vapor Pressure Equations 1.199 Table 1.44 Vapor Pressures of Selected Elements at Different Temperatures 1.201 Table 1.45 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds up to 1 Atmosphere 1.203 Table 1.46 Vapor Pressures of Various Inorganic Compounds 1.212 Table 1.47 Vapor Pressure of Mercury 1.220 Table 1.48 Vapor Pressure of Ice in Millimeters of Mercury 1.222 Table 1.49 Vapor Pressure of LiquidA mmonia,NH 3 1.223 Table 1.50 Vapor Pressure of Water 1.224 Table 1.51 Vapor Pressure of Deuterium Oxide 1.225 1.12 VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION 1.226 Table 1.52 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Inorganic Substances 1.226 1.13 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 1.230 Table 1.53 Thermal Conductivity of the Elements 1.231 Table 1.54 Thermal Conductivity of Various Solids 1.232 1.14 CRITICAL PROPERTIES 1.233 1.14.1 Critical Temperature 1.233 1.14.2 Critical Pressure 1.233 1.14.3 Critical Volume 1.234 1.14.4 Critical Compressibility Factor 1.234 Table 1.55 Critical Properties 1.234 1.15 THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS (CHANGE OF STATE) 1.237 Table 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Enegries of Formation,Entr opies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds 1.237 Table 1.57 Heats of Fusion,Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds 1.280 1.16 ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS 1.299 Table 1.58 Individual Activity Coefficients of Ions in Water at 25°C 1.300 Table 1.59 Constants of the Debye-Hückel Equation from 0 to 100°C 1.300 Table 1.60 Individual Ionic Activity Coefficients at Higher Ionic Strengths at 25°C 1.301 1.17 BUFFER SOLUTIONS 1.301 1.17.1 Standards of pH Measurement of Blood and Biological Media 1.301 Table 1.61 National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) Reference pH Buffer Solutions 1.303 Table 1.62 Compositions of Standard pH Buffer Solutions [National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)] 1.304 Table 1.63 Composition and pH Values of Buffer Solutions 8.107 1.304 Table 1.64 Standard Reference Values pH* for the Measurement of Acidity in 50 Weight Percent Methanol-Water 1.306 Table 1.65 pH Values for Buffer Solutions in Alcohol-Water Solvents at 25°C 1.307 1.17.2 Buffer Solutions Other than Standards 1.307 Table 1.66 pH Values of Biological and Other Buffers for Control Purposes 1.308 1.18 SOLUBILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 1.310 Table 1.67 Solubility of Gases in Water 1.311 Table 1.68 Solubility of Inorganic Compounds and Metal Salts of Organic Acids in Water at Various Temperatures 1.316 Table 1.69 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids 1.330 Table 1.70 Ionic Product Constant of Water 1.331 Table 1.71 Solubility Product Constants 1.331 Table 1.72 Stability Constants of Complex Ions 1.343 Table 1.73 Saturated Solutions 1.343 1.19 PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS 1.350 1.19.1 Calculation of the Approximate Value of Solutions 1.350 1.19.2 Calculation of the Concentrations of Species Present at a Given pH 1.351 Table 1.74 Proton Transfer Reactions of Inorganic Materials in Water at 25°C 1.352 1.20 FORMATION CONSTANTS OF METAL COMPLEXES 1.357 Table 1.75 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Inorganic Ligands 1.358 Table 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Organic Ligands 1.363 1.21 ELECTRODE POTENTIALS 1.380 Table 1.77 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 25°C 1.380 Table 1.78 Potentials of Selected Half-Reactions at 25°C 1.393 Table 1.79 Overpotentials for Common Electrode Reactions at 25°C 1.396 Table 1.80 Half-Wave Potentials of Inorganic Materials 1.397 Table 1.81 Standard Electrode Potentials for Aqueous Solutions 1.401 Table 1.82 Potentials of Reference Electrodes in Volts as a Function of Temperature 1.404 Table 1.83 Potentials of Reference Electrodes (in Volts) at 25°C for Water-Organic Solvent Mixtures 1.405 1.22 CONDUCTANCE 1.405 Table 1.84 Properties of Liquid Semi-Conductors 1.407 Table 1.85 Limiting Equivalent Ionic Conductances in Aqueous Solutions 1.408 Table 1.86 Standard Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Vessels 1.411 Table 1.87 Equivalent Conductivities of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions at 18°C 1.412 Table 1.88 Conductivity of Very Pure Water at Various Temperatures and the Equivalent Conductance’s of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions 1.417 1.23 THERMAL PROPERTIES 1.418 Table 1.89 Eutectic Mixtures 1.418 Table 1.90 Transition Temperatures 1.418 Section 2: Organic Chemistry 2.1 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2.4 2.1.1 Nonfunctional Compounds 2.4 Table 2.1 Straight-Chain Alkanes 2.4 Table 2.2 Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 2.10 Table 2.3 Heterocyclic Systems 2.13 Table 2.4 Suffixes for Heterocyclic Systems 2.13 Table 2.5 Trivial Names of Heterocyclic Systems Suitable for Use in Fusion Names 2.14 Table 2.6 Trivial Names for Heterocyclic Systems that are Not Recommended for Use in Fusion Names 2.17 2.1.2 Functional Compounds 2.18 Table 2.7 Characteristic Groups for Substitutive Nomenclature 2.19 Table 2.8 Characteristic Groups Cited Only as Prefixes in Substitutive Nomenclature 2.20 Table 2.9 Radicofunctional Nomenclature 2.23 2.1.3 Specific Functional Groups 2.23 Table 2.10 Alcohols and Phenols 2.24 Table 2.11 Names of Some Carboxylic Acids 2.30 Table 2.12 Phosphorus-Containing Compounds 2.35 2.1.4 Stereochemistry 2.38 2.1.5 Amino Acids 2.47 Table 2.13 Formula and Nomenclature of Amino Acids 2.47 Table 2.14 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids 2.48 Table 2.15 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids with Ionizable Side Chains 2.48 2.1.6 Carbohydrates 2.48 2.1.7 Miscellaneous Compounds 2.54 Table 2.16 Representative Terpenes 2.54 Table 2.17 Representative Fatty Acids 2.55 Table 2.18 Pyrimidines and Purines that Occur in DNA and RNA 2.56 Table 2.19 Organic Radicals 2.57 2.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2.64 Table 2.20 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 2.65 Table 2.21 Melting Points of Derivatives of Organic Compounds 2.254 Table 2.22 Melting Points of n-Paraffins 2.255 Table 2.23 Boiling Point and Density of Alkyl Halides 2.255 Table 2.24 Properties of Carboxylic Acids 2.256 Table 2.25 The Structure,Melting Point,and Boiling Points of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2.257 Table 2.26 Properties of Naturally Occurring Amino Acids 2.267 Table 2.27 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Organic Liquids 2.268 Table 2.28 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Organic Liquids 2.269 Table 2.29 Group Contributions to the Solubility Parameter 2.270 2.3 VISCOSITY AND SURFACE TENSION 2.270 Table 2.30 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Organic Compounds 2.272 Table 2.31 Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions 2.287 Table 2.32 Viscosity of Aqueous Sucrose Solutions 2.287 2.4 REFRACTION AND REFRACTIVE INDEX 2.287 Table 2.33 Atomic and Group Refractions 2.288 Table 2.34 Refractive Indices of Organic Compounds 2.289 Table 2.35 Solvents Having the Same Refractive Index and the Same Density at 25°C 2.294 2.5 VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINTS 2.296 Table 2.36 Vapor Pressures of Various Organic Compounds 2.297 Table 2.37 Boiling Points of Common Organic Compounds at Selected Pressures 2.315 Table 2.38 Organic Solvents Arranged by Boiling Points 2.348 Table 2.39 Boiling Points of n-Paraffins 2.350 2.6 FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES 2.351 Table 2.40 Boiling Points,Flash points,and Ignition Temperatures of Organic Compounds 2.352 Table 2.41 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air 2.426 2.7 AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES 2.434 Table 2.42 Binary Azeotropic (Constant-Boiling) Mixtures 2.435 Table 2.43 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtures 2.454 2.8 FREEZING MIXTURES 2.460 Table 2.44 Compositions of Aqueous Antifreeze Solutions 2.460 2.9 BOND LENGTHS AND STRENGTHS 2.464 Table 2.45 Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements 2.464 Table 2.46 Bond Dissociation Energies 2.467 2.10 DIPOLE MOMENTS AND DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS 2.468 Table 2.47 Bond Dipole Moments 2.468 Table 2.48 Group Dipole Moments 2.469 Table 2.49 Dielectric Constant (Permittivity) and Dipole Moment of Organic Compounds 2.470 2.11 IONIZATION ENERGY 2.494 Table 2.50 Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species 2.495 2.12 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 2.506 Table 2.51 Thermal Conductivities of Gases as a Function of Temperature 2.506 Table 2.52 Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances 2.509 2.13 ENTHALPIES AND GIBBS ENERGIES OF FORMATION,ENTR OPIES, AND HEAT CAPACITIES (CHANGE OF STATE) 2.512 2.13.1 Thermodynamic Relations 2.512 Table 2.53 Enthalpies and Gibbs enegries of Formation,Entr opies,and Heat Capacities of Organic Compounds 2.515 Table 2.54 Heats of Fusion,Vaporization,Sublimation,and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of Organic Compounds 2.561 2.14 CRITICAL PROPERTIES 2.591 Table 2.55 Critical Properties 2.592 Table 2.56 Lydersen’s Critical Property Increments 2.607 Table 2.57 Vetere Group Contribution to Estimate Critical Volume 2.608 Table 2.58 Van der Waals’ Constants for Gases 2.609 2.15 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 2.620 Table 2.59 pK,Values of Organic Materials in Water at 25°C 2.620 Table 2.60 Selected Equilibrium Constants in Aqueous Solution at Various Temperatures 2.670 Table 2.61 pK,Values for Proton-Transfer Reactions in Non-aqueous Solvents 2.676 2.16 INDICATORS 2.677 Table 2.62 Acid-Base Indicators 2.677 Table 2.63 Mixed Indicators 2.680 Table 2.64 Fluorescent Indicators 2.682 Table 2.65 Selected List of Oxidation-Reduction Indicators 2.684 Table 2.66 Indicators for Approximate pH Determination 2.686 Table 2.67 Oxidation-Reduction Indicators 2.686 2.17 ELECTRODE POTENTIALS 2.687 Table 2.68 Half-Wave Potentials (vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode) of Organic Compounds at 25°C 2.687 2.18 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 2.698 Table 2.69 Electrical Conductivity of Various Pure Liquids 2.698 Table 2.70 Limiting Equivalent Ionic Conductance in Aqueous Solutions 2.699 Table 2.71 Properties of Organic Semi-Conductors 2.700 2.19 LINEAR FREE ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS 2.702 Table 2.72 Hammett and Taft Substituent Constants 2.703 Table 2.73 pK°a and Rho Values for Hammett Equation 2.707 Table 2.74 pK°a and Rho Values for Taft Equation 2.708 Table 2.75 Special Hammett Sigma Constants 2.709 2.20 POLYMERS 2.709 Table 2.76 Names and Structures of Polymers 2.730 Table 2.77 Plastics 2.739 Table 2.78 Properties of Commercial Plastics 2.740 Table 2.79 Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers 2.776 Table 2.80 Density of Polymers Listed by Trade Name 2.777 Table 2.81 Density of Polymers Listed by Chemical Name 2.778 Table 2.82 Density of Polymers at Various Temperatures 2.780 Table 2.83 Surface Tension (Liquid Phase) of Polymers 2.782 Table 2.84 Interfacial Tension (Liquid Phase) of Polymers 2.783 Table 2.85 Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Polymers 2.784 Table 2.86 Heat Capacities of Polymers 2.786 Table 2.87 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers 2.798 Table 2.88 Thermal Conductivity of Foamed Polymers 2.798 Table 2.89 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers with Fillers 2.799 Table 2.90 Resistance of Selected Polymers and Rubber to Various Chemicals at 20°C 2.800 Table 2.91 Gas Permeability Constants (1010 P) at 25°C for Polymers and Rubber 2.801 Table 2.92 Vapor Permeability Constants (1010 P) at 35°C for Polymers 2.803 Table 2.93 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Polymers 2.804 Table 2.94 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Polymers 2.805 Table 2.95 Refractive Indices of Polymers 2.807 2.21 FATS,OILS , AND WAXES 2.807 Table 2.96 Physical Properties of Fats and Oils 2.808 Table 2.97 Physical Properties of of Waxes 2.810 2.22 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 2.811 Table 2.98 Physical Properties of Petroleum Products 2.811 Section 3: Spectroscopy 3.1 INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 3.3 Table 3.1 Absorption Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen 3.3 Table 3.2 Absorption Frequencies of Triple Bonds 3.9 Table 3.3 Absorption Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds 3.10 3.1.1 Intensities of Carbonyl Bands 3.11 3.1.2 Position of Carbonyl Absorption 3.12 Table 3.4 Absorption Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands 3.12 Table 3.5 Absorption Frequencies of Other Double Bonds 3.16 Table 3.6 Absorption Frequencies of Aromatic Bands 3.19 Table 3.7 Absorption Frequencies of Miscellaneous Bands 3.20 Table 3.8 Absorption Frequencies in the Near Infrared 3.26 Table 3.9 Infrared Transmitting Materials 3.28 Table 3.10 Infrared Transmission Characteristics of Selected Solvents 3.29 Table 3.11 Values of Absorbance for Percent Absorption 3.31 Table 3.12 Transmittance-Absorbance Conversion Table 3.33 Table 3.13 Wave number/Wavelength Conversion Table 3.36 3.2 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 3.37 Table 3.14 Raman Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen and Carbon 3.38 Table 3.15 Raman Frequencies of Triple Bonds 3.42 Table 3.16 Raman Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds 3.43 Table 3.17 Raman Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands 3.44 Table 3.18 Raman Frequencies of Other Double Bonds 3.46 Table 3.19 Raman Frequencies of Aromatic Compounds 3.48 Table 3.20 Raman Frequencies of Sulfur Compounds 3.50 Table 3.21 Raman Frequencies of Ethers 3.51 Table 3.22 Raman Frequencies of Halogen Compounds 3.52 Table 3.23 Raman Frequencies of Miscellaneous Compounds 3.53 Table 3.24 Principal Argon-Ion Laser Plasma Lines 3.53 3.3 ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY 3.54 Table 3.25 Electronic Absorption Bands for Representative 3.55 Chromophores Table 3.26 Ultraviolet Cutoffs of Spectrograde Solvents 3.56 Table 3.27 Absorption Wavelength of Dienes 3.57 Table 3.28 Absorption Wavelength of Enones and Dienones 3.58 Table 3.29 Solvent Correction for Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 3.58 Table 3.30 Primary Bands of Substituted Benzene and Heteroaromatics 3.59 Table 3.31 Wavelength Calculation of the Principal Band of Substituted 3.59 Benzene Derivatives 3.4 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 3.60 Table 3.32 Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Some Organic Compounds 3.61 Table 3.33 Fluorescence Quantum Yield Values 3.63 3.5 FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION,FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION,ELECTR OTHERMAL (FURNACE) ATOMIC ABSORPTION,AR GON INDUCTION COUPLED PLASMA, AND PLASMA ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE 3.64 3.51 Common Spectroscopic Relationships 3.64 Table 3.34 Detection Limits in ng/mL 3.67 Table 3.35 Sensitive Lines of the Elements 3.72 3.6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 3.76 Table 3.36 Nuclear Properties of the Elements 3.77 Table 3.37 Proton Chemical Shifts 3.80 Table 3.38 Estimation of Chemical Shift for Protons of CH2 3.83 and Methine Groups Table 3.39 Estimation of Chemical Shift of Proton Attached to a Double Bond 3.83 Table 3.40 Chemical Shifts in Mono-substituted Benzene 3.84 Table 3.41 Proton Spin Coupling Constants 3.85 Table 3.42 Proton Chemical Shifts of Reference Compounds 3.86 Table 3.43 Solvent Positions of Residual Protons in Incompletely 3.86 Deuterated Solvents Table 3.44 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts 3.87 Table 3.45 Estimation of Chemical Shifts of Alkane Carbons 3.90 Table 3.46 Effect of Substituent Groups on Alkyl Chemical Shifts 3.90 Table 3.47 Estimation of Chemical Shifts of Carbon Attached to a Double Bond 3.91 Table 3.48 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts in Substituted Benzenes 3.92 Table 3.49 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts in Substituted Pyridines 3.93 Table 3.50 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts of Carbonyl Group 3.94 Table 3.51 One-Bond Carbon-Hydrogen Spin Coupling Constants 3.95 Table 3.52 Two-Bond Carbon-Hydrogen Spin Coupling Constants 3.96 Table 3.53 Carbon-Carbon Spin Coupling Constants 3.96 Table 3.54 Carbon-Fluorine Spin Coupling Constants 3.97 Table 3.55 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts of Deuterated Solvents 3.98 Table 3.56 Carbon-13 Coupling Constants with Various Nuclei 3.98 Table 3.57 Boron-11 Chemical Shifts 3.99 Table 3.58 Nitrogen-15 (or Nitrogen-14) Chemical Shifts 3.100 Table 3.59 Nitrogen-15 Chemical Shifts in Mono-substituted Pyridine 3.103 Table 3.60 Nitrogen-15 Chemical Shifts for Standards 3.103 Table 3:61 Nitrogen-15 to Hydrogen-1 Spin Coupling Constants 3.104 Table 3.62 Nitrogen-15 to Carbon-13 Spin Coupling Constants 3.104 Table 3.63 Nitrogen-15 to Fluorine-19 Spin Coupling Constants 3.104 Table 3.64 Fluorine-19 Chemical Shifts 3.105 Table 3.65 Fluorine-19 Chemical Shifts for Standards 3.106 Table 3.66 Fluorine-19 to Fluorine-19 Spin Coupling Constants 3.106 Table 3.67 Silicon-29 Chemical Shifts 3.106 Table 3.68 Phosphorus-31 Chemical Shifts 3.107 Table 3.69 Phosphorus-31 Spin Coupling Constants 3.110 3.7 MASS SPECTROMETRY 3.111 3.7.1 Correlation of Mass Spectra with Molecular Structure 3.111 3.7.2 Mass Spectra and Structure 3.113 Table 3.70 Isotopic Abundances and Masses of Selected Elements 3.115 Table 3.71 Table of Mass Spectra 3.115 3.8 X-RAY METHODS 3.126 Table 3.72 Wavelengths of X-Ray Emission Spectra in Angstroms 3.128 Table 3.73 Wavelengths of Absorption Edges in Angstroms 3.130 Table 3.74 Critical X-Ray Absorption Energies in keV 3.133 Table 3.75 X-Ray Emission Energies in keV 3.135 Table 3.76 b Filters for Common Target Elements 3.138 Table 3.77 Interplanar Spacing for Ka,Radiation, d versus 20 3.138 Table 3.78 Analyzing Crystals for X-Ray Spectroscopy 3.139 Table 3.79 Mass Absorption Coefficients for K1 Lines and W La,Line 3.140 Section 4: General Information and Conversion Tables 4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 4.3 Table 4.1 SI Prefixes 4.3 Table 4.2 Greek Alphabet 4.4 4.2 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 4.4 Table 4.3 Physical Constants 4.4 Table 4.4 Conversion Factors 4.8 4.3 CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER SCALES 4.28 Table 4.5 Temperature Conversion 4.29 4.4 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4.41 Table 4.6 Hydrometer Conversion 4.45 4.5 BAROMETRY AND BAROMETRIC CORRECTIONS 4.47 Table 4.7 Barometer Temperature Correction––Metric Units 4.48 Table 4.8 Barometric Latitude-Gravity––Metric Units 4.51 Table 4.9 Barometric Correction for Gravity––Metric Units 4.53 Table 4.10 Reduction of the Barometer to Sea Level-Metric Units 4.54 Table 4.11 Pressure Conversion 4.58 Table 4.12 Conversion of Weighings in Air to Weighings in Vacuo 4.59 Table 4.13 Factors for Reducing Gas Volumes to Normal (Standard) Temperature and Pressure (760 mmHg) 4.61 4.6 VISCOSITY 4.66 Table 4.14 Viscosity Conversion 4.66 4.7 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS EQUATIONS FOR GASES 4.67 4.7.1 Equations of State (PVT Relations for Real Cases) 4.68 4.7.2 Properties of Gas Molecules 4.69 Table 4.15 Molar Equivalent of One Liter of Gas at Various Temperatures and Pressures 4.70 Table 4.16 Corrections to Be Added to Molar Values to Convert to Molal 4.73 4.8 COOLING 4.73 Table 4.17 Cooling Mixtures 4.73 Table 4.18 Molecular Lowering of the Melting or Freezing Point 4.74 4.9 DRYING AND HUMIDIFICATION 4.75 Table 4.19 Drying Agents 4.75 Table 4.20 Solutions for Maintaining Constant Humidity 4.76 Table 4.21 Concentration of Solutions of H2SO4,NaOH,and CaCl 2 4.77 Giving Specified Vapor Pressures and Percent Humidity at 25°C Table 4.22 Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer Readings 4.77 Table 4.23 Relative Humidity from Dew Point Readings 4.79 Table 4.24 Mass of Water Vapor in Saturated Air 4.80 4.10 MOLECULAR WEIGHT 4.81 Table 4.25 Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point 4.81 4.11 Heating Baths 4.83 Table 4.26 Substances that Can Be Used for Heating Baths 4.83 4.12 SEPARATION METHODS 4.83 Table 4.27 Solvents of Chromatographic Interest 4.84 Table 4.28 McReynolds’ Constants for Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography 4.86 4.12.1 McReynolds’ Constants 4.83 Table 4.29 Characteristics of Selected Supercritical Fluids 4.94 4.12.2 Chromatographic Behavior of Solutes 4.90 Table 4.30 Typical Performances in HPLC for Various Conditions 4.95 4.12.3 Ion-Exchange (Normal Pressure,Columnar) 4.95 Table 4.31 Ion-Exchange Resins 4.97 Table 4.32 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Cations 4.101 Table 4.33 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Anions 4.102 4.13 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 4.104 Table 4.34 Gravimetric Factors 4.104 Table 4.35 Elements Precipitated by General Analytical Reagents 4.130 Table 4.36 Cleaning Solutions for Fritted Glassware 4.132 Table 4.37 Common Fluxes 4.133 Table 4.38 Membrane Filters 4.133 Table 4.39 Porosities of Fritted Glassware 4.134 Table 4.40 Tolerances for Analytical Weights 4.134 Table 4.41 Heating Temperatures,Composition of Weighing 4.135 Forms,and Gravimetric Factors 4.14 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 4.137 Table 4.42 Primary Standards for Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations 4.137 Table 4.43 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors 4.138 Table 4.44 Equations for the Redox Determinations of the Elements with Equivalent Weights 4.145 Table 4.45 Standard Solutions for Precipitation Titrations 4.149 Table 4.46 Indicators for Precipitation Titrations 4.150 Table 4.47 Properties and Applications of Selected Metal Ion Indicators 4.151 Table 4.48 Variation of a4 with pH 4.152 Table 4.49 Formation Constants of EDTA Complexes at 25°C, Ionic Strength Approaching Zero 4.152 Table 4.50 Cumulative Formation Constants of Ammine Complexes at 20°C, Ionic Strength 0.1 4.152 Table 4.51 Masking Agents for Various Elements 4.153 Table 4.52 Masking Agents for Anions and Neutral Molecules 4.155 Table 4.53 Common Demasking Agents 4.156 Table 4.54 Amino Acids pI and pKQ Values 4.157 Table 4.55 Tolerances of Volumetric Flasks 4.158 Table 4.56 Pipette Capacity Tolerances 4.158 Table 4.57 Tolerances of Micropipets (Eppendorf) 4.158 Table 4.58 Buret Accuracy Tolerances 4.159 Table 4.59 Factors for Simplified Computation of Volume 4.159 Table 4.60 Cubical Coefficients of Thermal Expansion 4.160 Table 4.61 General Solubility Rules for Inorganic Compounds 4.161 Table 4.62 Concentration of Commonly Used Acids and Bases 4.161 Table 4.63 Standard Stock Solutions 4.162 Table 4.64 TLV Concentration Limits for Gases and Vapors 4.165 Table 4.65 Some Common Reactive and Incompatible Chemicals 4.173 Table 4.66 Chemicals Recommended for Refrigerated Storage 4.179 Table 4.67 Chemicals Which Polymerize or Decompose on Extended Refrigeration 4.179 4.15 SIEVES AND SCREENS 4.180 Table 4.68 U.S. Standard Sieves 4.180 4.16 THERMOMETRY 4.180 4.16.1 Temperature Measurement 4.180 Table 4.69 Fixed Points in the ITS-90 4.180 Table 4.70 Values of K for Stem Correction of Thermometers 4.182 4.17 THERMOCOUPLES 4.182 Table 4.71 Thermoelectric Values in Millivolts at Fixed Points for Various Thermocouples 4.184 Table 4.72 Type B Thermocouples: Platinum-30% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum-6% Rhodium Alloy 4.185 Table 4.73 Type E Thermocouples: Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy 4.186 Table 4.74 Type J Thermocouples: Iron vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy 4.187 Table 4.75 Type K Thermocouples: Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Nickel-Aluminum Alloy 4.188 Table 4.76 Type N Thermocouples: Nickel-14.2% Chromium-1.4% Silicon Alloy vs. Nickel-4.4% Silicon-0.1% Magnesium Alloy 4.188 Table 4.77 Type R Thermocouples: Platinum-13% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum 4.190 Table 4.78 Type S Thermocouples: Platinum-10% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum 4.191 Table 4.79 Type T Thermocouples: Copper vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy 4.192 INDEX

James Speight, Ph.D., has more than 35 years' experience in fields related to the properties and processing of conventional and synthetic fuels. He has participated in, and led, significant research in defining the uses of chemistry with heavy oil and coal. The author of well over 400 professional papers, reports, and presentations detailing his research activities, he has taught more than 50 related courses. Dr. Speight is the author, editor, or compiler of a total of 25 books and bibliographies related to fossil fuel processing and environmental issues. He lives in Laramie, Wyoming.

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