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The Politics of Higher Education: The Imperial University in Northern Song China uses the history of the Imperial University of the Northern Song to show the limits of the Song emperors’ powers. At the time, the university played an increasingly dominant role in selecting government officials. This role somehow curtailed the authority of the Song emperors, who did not possess absolute power and, more often than not, found their actions to be constrained by the institution. The nomination mechanism left room for political maneuvering and stakeholders—from emperors to scholar-officials—tried to influence the process. Hence, power struggles among successive emperors trying to assert their imperial authority ensued. Demands for greater autonomy by officials were, for example, unceasing. Chu Ming-kin shows that the road to autocracy was anything but linear. In fact, during the Northern Song dynasty, competition and compromises over diverse agendas constantly altered the political landscape.

Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Chronology xiii Note on Ages, Dates, and Other Conventions xiv Introduction 1 “Dynamic” institutional history 3 Competing agendas of different agents 7 Structure of this book 13 1. The Gradual Transformation of the Metropolitan Schools 16 From aristocracy to meritocracy: Transformation of the Directorate School 18 Higher elites’ apathy towards government education 25 Transformation of directorate lecturers: From classical to literary experts 31 Change in literary style and prevalence of active political commentaries 40 Summary 46 2. Foreshadowing Major Reforms: The Interim Transition 48 Two educators: Sun Fu and Hu Yuan 50 Classical skepticism and pluralistic teaching 53 Prose at Imperial University and the 1057 departmental examination 61 Continuation of a cyclical pattern of student attendance 65 Summary 71 3. The Politics of Reform at the Imperial University 73 The school promotion initiatives 74 Wang Anshi and the educational reforms 82 Solidifying moral culture through higher education 91 Realization of student advancement through the metropolitan schools 96 The complaint of Yu Fan and the punishment of the implicated officials 100 The emperor’s attitude and the rise of autocracy 103 Promulgation of the Yuanfeng school regulations 108 Expansion of the Three Hall system 111 Summary 118 4. Factional Politics and Policy Reversals 120 Critiques of the Three Hall system at the Imperial University 121 Personnel changes and policy reversals under the anti-reformers 130 Emperor Renzong: An exemplar for imitation 139 The reforms restored 143 Summary 150 5. Recruiting Moral Officials: A New Experiment 154 Promulgation of the countrywide Three Hall system 155 The politics in a world without prefectural examinations 161 Abolition of school promotion and the emperor’s motive 176 Summary 180 6. Contesting Political and Ideological Control 181 Imposing political and ideological control in government schools 182 Dissidents in government schools 190 Downfall of the intellectual orthodoxy 196 Student activism and loyalism at the brink of Song collapse 199 Summary 207 Conclusion 210 Legacy 215 Future prospect 218 Bibliography 221 Index 252

Chu Ming-kin is an assistant professor of Chinese history and culture at the University of Hong Kong.

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