汉语语用标记之语用法化研究

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Contents 丛书序i 前言iii Chapter One Introduction1 1.1 Rationale for the Present Research5 1.2 State of the Art and Problems9 1.2.1 Previous Researches on Diachronic Evolution of BUGUO and XKAN9 1.2.2 Previous Researches on Synchronic Aspects of BUGUO and XKAN13 1.2.3 Why Diachronic？16 1.2.4 Interim Summary22 1.3 Diachronic Work Relevant to This Book24 1.3.1 Grammaticalization24 1.3.2 Pragmaticalization31 1.3.3 Models of Semantic Change36 1.4 Data and Methodology46 1.4.1 Values of Corpus—based Research46 1.4.2 The Data47 1.4.3 Methodology for the Analysis50 1.5 Objectives of the Present Study52 1.6 Outline of the Book55 Chapter Two Pragmatic Functions of BUGUO： A Synchronic Analysis57 2.1 Data and Methodology59 2.2 Use and Functional Distribution of BUGUO in the Corpus60 2.3 Pragmatic Functions of BUGUO63 2.3.1 Metalinguistic Functions63 2.3.2 Metacommunicative Functions72 2.4 The Relationship Between the Core Meaning of BUGUO and Its Pragmatic Functions82 Chapter Three Pragmaticalization of BUGUO： A Diachronic Analysis87 3.1 Data， Distribution of BUGUO and Methodology88 3.2 Main Meanings of GUO91 3.3 Historical development of BUGUO93 3.3.1 BUGUO in Old Chinese94 3.3.2 BUGUO in Middle Chinese107 3.3.3 BUGUO in Old Mandarin111 3.3.4 BUGUO in Middle Mandarin119 3.4 Pragmaticalization of BUGUO124 3.5 Motivations and Mechanisms Involved in the Pragmaticalization of BUGUO127 3.5.1 Motivations for the Pragmaticalization of BUGUO127 3.5.2 Mechanisms of the pragmaticalization of BUGUO135 3.6 Accompanying Changes of the Pragmaticalization of BUGUO148 3.6.1 Phonological Changes148 3.6.2 Semantic Changes149 3.6.3 Syntactic Changes152 Chapter Four Pragmatic Functions of XKAN： A Synchronic Analysis154 4.1 Data and Methodology155 4.2 XKAN： PM Use vs.Non—PM Use156 4.3 Use and Distribution of WOKAN and NIKAN in the Corpus160 4.4 Pragmatic Functions of WOKAN164 4.4.1 Self—quotation164 4.4.2 WOKAN as a Hesitation Marker170 4.5 Pragmatic Functions of NIKAN174 4.5.1 NIKAN as an Attention Getter176 4.5.2 NIKAN as a Coherence Builder178 4.5.3 NIKAN as a Politeness Marker182 4.5.4 NIKAN as a Turn Yielder184 4.6 XKAN as Markers of Interpersonal Involvement186 4.6.1 “Involvement” in the Present Study186 4.6.2 Discussion188 Chapter Five Pragmaticalization of XKAN： A Diachronic Analysis190 5.1 Distribution of WOKAN and NIKAN and Methodology191 5.2 Core Meanings of KAN192 5.3 Historical Development of XKAN194 5.3.1 Historical Development of WOKAN194 5.3.2 Historical Development of NIKAN206 5.4 Pragmaticalization of XKAN218 5.5 Motivations and Mechanisms Involved in the Pragmaticalization of XKAN221 5.5.1 Motivations for the Pragmaticalization of XKAN221 5.5.2 Mechanisms of the Pragmaticalization of XKAN226 5.6 Accompanying Changes of the Pragmaticalization of XKAN234 5.6.1 Phonological Changes234 5.6.2 Semantic Changes235 5.6.3 Syntactic Changes236 Chapter Six Historical Development of BUGUO and XKAN： Cases of Pragmaticalization238 6.1 Traditional Interpretation of the Rise of Pragmatic Markers239 6.2 Historical Evidence from the Evolution of BUGUO and XKAN as Pragmatic Markers244 6.2.1 Grammar vs.Pragmatics244 6.2.2 Discussion249 6.3 Pragmaticalization Reconsidered265 6.3.1 Relationship Between Pragmaticalization and Grammaticalization265 6.3.2 A Morpheme—based Approach to Pragmaticalization268 Chapter Seven Conclusion270 7.1 Review270 7.2 Directions for Future Study276 References279 Appendix： A Brief Chronology of Chinese History295

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