原子、分子和光子（第二版）

《原子、分子和光子（第2版）》这部讲述原子和分子物理的入门级书籍，通过许多实验验证介绍了过去两个世纪原子和分子模型的进展；从理论方面，介绍了量子物理到微粒子的大量描述。运用许多例子剖析了粒子波模型，呈现出传统描述的局限性。书中详细阐述了分子和原子电磁辐射的相互作用，以及其在光谱学中的潜力，特别地强调了激光作为现代光谱工具的重要性。书中许多例子和练习可以鼓励读者积极投身于将教科书中学到的知识应用到具体情况。

1. Introduction 1.1 Contents and Importance of Atomic Physics 1.2 Molecules： Building Blocks of Nature 1.3 Survey on the Concept of this Textbook 2. The Concept of the Atom 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Experimental and Theoretical Proofs for the Existence of Atoms 2.2.1 Dalton's Law of Constant Proportions 2.2.2 The Law of Gay-Lussac and the Definition of the Mole 2.2.3 Experimental Methods for the Determination of Avogadro's Constant 2.2.4 The Importance of Kinetic Gas Theory for the Concept of Atoms 2.3 Can One See Atoms? 2.3.1 Brownian Motion 2.3.2 Cloud Chamber 2.3.3 Microscopes with Atomic Resolution 2.4 The Size of Atoms 2.4.1 The Size of Atoms in the Van der Waals Equation 2.4.2 Atomic Size Estimation from Transport Coefficients 2.4.3 Atomic Volumes from X-Ray Diffraction 2.4.4 Comparison of the Different Methods 2.5 The Electric Structure of Atoms 2.5.1 Cathode Rays and Kanalstrahlen 2.5.2 Measurement of the Elementary Charge e 2.5.3 How to Produce Free Electrons 2.5.4 Generation of Free Ions 2.5.5 The Mass of the Electron 2.5.6 How Neutral is the Atom? 2.6 Electron and Ion Optics 2.6.1 Refraction of Electron Beams 2.6.2 Electron Optics in Axially Symmetric Fields 2.6.3 Electrostatic Electron Lenses 2.6.4 Magnetic Lenses 2.6.5 Applications of Electron and Ion Optics 2.7 Atomic Masses and Mass Spectrometers 2.7.1 J.J. Thomson's Parabola Spectrograph 2.7.2 Velocity-Independent Focusing 2.7.3 Focusing of Ions with Different Angles of Incidence 2.7.4 Mass Spectrometer with Double Focusing 2.7.5 Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer 2.7.6 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer 2.7.7 Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance Spectrometer 2.7.8 Isotopes 2.8 The Structure of Atoms 2.8.1 Integral and Differential Cross Sections 2.8.2 Basic Concepts of Classical Scattering 2.8.3 Determination of the Charge Distribution within the Atom from Scattering Experiments 2.8.4 Thomson's Atomic Model 2.8.5 The Rutherford Atomic Model 2.8.6 Rutherford's Scattering Formula Summary Problems 3. Development of Quantum Physics 3.1 Experimental Hints to the Particle Character of Electromagnetic Radiation 3.1.1 Blackbody Radiation 3.1.2 Cavity Modes 3.1.3 Planck's Radiation Law 3.1.4 Wien's Law 3.1.5 Stefan-Boltzmann's Radiation Law 3.1.6 Photoelectric Effect 3.1.7 Compton Effect 3.1.8 Properties of Photons 3.1.9 Photons in Gravitational Fields 3.1.10 Wave and Particle Aspects of Light 3.2 Wave Properties of Particles 3.2.1 De Broglie Wavelength and Electron Diffraction 3.2.2 Diffraction and Interference of Atoms 3.2.3 Bragg Reflection and the Neutron Spectrometer 3.2.4 Neutron and Atom Interferometry 3.2.5 Application of Particle Waves 3.3 Matter Waves and Wave Functions 3.3.1 Wave Packets 3.3.2 The Statistical Interpretation of Wave Functions 3.3.3 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle …… 4. Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics 5. The Hydrogen Atom 6. Atoms with More Than One Electron 7. Emission and Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by Atoms 8. Lasers 9. Diatomic Molecules 10. Polyatomic Molecules 11. Experimental Techniques in Atomic and Molecular Physics 12. Modern Developments in Atomic and Molecular Physics Chronological Table for the Development of Atomic and Molecular Physics Solutions to the Exercises References Subject Index

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