映照的认知诗学研究

本书稿试图以认知科学和认知语言学的映照观为基础，借鉴文学批评理论，构建一个认知诗学基础上的文学解读过程，为文学解读和文学阐释与评价提供一个认知模型，并将其应用于小说的生态、社会文化以及性别解读的认知阐述。本书稿将以《白鲸》为例，对这一认知模型进行多角度、多层次的检验，并将其运用于其他诗歌、戏剧、小说等文学作品中。 本书试图以认知科学和认知语言学的映照观为基础，借鉴文学批评理论，构建一个认知诗学基础上的文学解读的过程，为《白鲸》文学解读和文学阐释与评价提供一个认知模型，并将其应用于小说的生态、社会文化以及性别解读。 《白鲸》是美国文学史上第一部真正意义上的“伟大的美国小说”。尽管小说发表于160 年以前，但小说提出的问题仍是困扰我们这个时代的问题，如人与自然的关系、种族与社会的不平等、性别、同性情结以及心理异化等。文学批评家从不同的视角对小说进行解读，得到的答案却不尽相同。生态批评对《白鲸》所体现的生态观点持相反意见，有人认为小说反映了生态中心主义的思想，而有人则认为这是一本人类中心主义的著作。社会政治批评家也对其所体现的政治思想到底是人人平等还是文化精英主义持相反意见。酷儿理论批评《白鲸》中存在大量同性情结，但也有批评家持不同观点，认为仅是同性友谊。同一部小说的阐释缘何如此多样化，又如此互相矛盾？又该如何评价解读的有效性？ 隐喻、象征和讽喻是解读《白鲸》的关键所在，认知语言学对隐喻的映照有深入研究，但对象征式和讽喻式的映照关系鲜有论及。本书厘清了三种映照的区别和联系。隐喻映照的两个认知域都存在于文本之中，而象征映照则由文本指示至文本之外的认知域，多个象征匹配、整合成讽喻的解读，讽喻解读本身也可以反过来证实或者激活更多的象征。 在小说《白鲸》的阐释过程中，文本中的隐喻可以激活两个反映人与自然、社会阶层、种族、性别等相对立的认知域。这两个域之间的关系可以通过映照体现出来。象征则可以通过相似原则和结构匹配原则映照到文本之外的社会文化解读中去，并最终整合为讽喻式的阅读。本书从生态、社会政治和酷儿理论等三个角度，对小说中的隐喻、象征和讽喻的映照进行了研究，有机结合了读者、文本和社会文化语境，为作品的意义建构提供了一种可以参照的范式。

Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Moby-Dick: Interpretations never end 1.2 Allegory, symbol, metaphor and literary interpretation 1.3 Cognitive linguistics and metaphor, symbol and allegory 1.4 A new model for interpretation 1.5 Questions to answer 1.6 Methodology to apply 1.7 Significance of the study 1.8 Organization of the book Chapter Two Metaphor, Symbol, Allegory and Moby-Dick 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Interpretation 2.3 Metaphor, symbol and allegory 2.3.1 Conceptual metaphor in literary discourse 2.3.2 Symbol and allegory in light of cognitive linguistics 2.3.3 The call for a new model for interpretations 2.4 Moby-Dick studies: Status quo 2.5 Summary Chapter Three Mapping and Literary Interpretation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mapping 3.2.1 Mappings in cognitive linguistics 3.2.2 Comparison of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Structure Mapping Theory and Blending Theory 3.2.3 Mapping and metaphor, symbol and allegory 3.2.4 A comparison of mappings in metaphor symbol and allegory 3.3 Literary criticism 3.3.1 Literary criticism: From text to context 3.3.2 Cognitive linguistics and literary criticism 3.4 A model for literary interpretation of Moby-Dick 3.4.1 Metaphoric mapping 3.4.2 Symbolic mapping 3.4.3 Allegorical mapping 3.5 Summary Chapter Four Anthropoeentricism or Ecocentrism: Eeocritieal Reading 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Metaphoric mapping: Discourse level 4.2.1 Metaphoric mappings of human beings as target domain 4.2.2 Metaphoric mappings of nature as target domain 4.2.3 Traditional hebraic anthropocentrism or ecological centrism 4.3 Symbolic mapping: From text to nature 4.3.1 Moby Dick: Symbol of nature 4.3.2 Ahab: Emblem of anthropocentrism 4.3.3 Ishmael: Nature's spokesperson 4.3.4 Fedallah: Fire worshipper 4.3.5 Elijah: Ecocritics' warning 4.3.6 Queequeg and his affinity to nature 4.3.7 Pequod: The other Ahab 4.3.8 The doubloon: Incentive of the pursuit 4.3.9 The coffin: Resurrection 4.3.10 Hearse: The future of anthropocentric science and technology 4.3.11 Hat: Ahab and King Tarquin 4.4 Allegorical mapping: Ecocritical reading 4.5 Summary Chapter Five Egalitarianism or Totalitarianism: Social Political Reading 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metaphoric mapping 5.2.1 The social version of the Great Chain of Being 5.2.2 The mapping of Social Chain of Being 5.2.3 Space as hierarchy 5.2.4 Ishmael and Queequeg: Marriage as race communication 5.3 Symbolic mapping 5.3.1 Pequod: Symbol of the America 5.3.2 Ahab the great dictator 5.3.3 Moby Dick: Stranger and otherness 5.3.4 Ishmael with an equal eye 5.3.5 Queequeg: A symbol of democracy 5.3.6 The first mate and his hesitation 5.3.7 Hypooners, the mainstream force 5.4 Allegorization: A social political reading 5.5 Summary Chapter Six Friendship or Homoeroticism: Queer Theory Reading 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Metaphoric mappings 6.2.1 Ishmael and Queequeg marriage metaphors 6.2.2 Ishmael and Queequeg love metaphors 6.3 Symbolic mapping 6.3.1 Queequeg: Homosexual pal 6.3.2 Moby Dick: Symbol of phallus 6.3.3 Ishmael: Homoerotic yearning 6.3.4 Ahab: Homophobia of the heterosexual world 6.3.5 The sea: The male world 6.3.6 Homoeroticism of"squeezing 6.3.7 The tail: Unity of masculinity and femininity 6.3.8 Pequod: Paradise of male-specific world 6.4 Allegorization: A Queer Theory reading 6.5 Summary Chapter Seven Conclusion 7.1 Major fndings 7.2 Limitations 7.3 Future studies References Acknowledgements Appendix A: Mapping of Human beings and Nature Appendix B: Social Political Mapping Appendix C: Ishmael-Queequeg: Marriage Mapping

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