内容简介：
Methods in Stream Ecology provides a complete series of field and laboratory protocols in stream ecology that are ideal for teaching or conducting research. This two part new edition is updated to reflect recent advances in the technology associated with ecological assessment of streams, including remote sensing. Volume focusses on ecosystem structure with in-depth sections on Physical Processes, Material Storage and Transport and Stream Biota. With a student-friendly price, this Third Edition is key for all students and researchers in stream and freshwater ecology, freshwater biology, marine ecology, and river ecology. This text is also supportive as a supplementary text for courses in watershed ecology/science, hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and landscape ecology. Provides a variety of exercises in each chapter Includes detailed instructions, illustrations, formulae, and data sheets for in-field research for students Presents taxonomic keys to common stream invertebrates and algae Includes website with tables and a link from Chapter 22: FISH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION to an interactive program for assessing and modeling fish numbers Written by leading experts in stream ecology
书籍目录：
Methods in Stream Ecology: Volume 1: Ecosystem Structure
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section A: Physical Processes
1. Riverscapes
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Landscapes and Riverscapes
1.1.2 Multidimensional Dynamics of Riverscapes
1.1.3 Biotic Adaptations to Riverscape Dynamics
1.1.4 The Dilemma of Scale
1.2 General Design
1.2.1 Analysis at the Riverscape Scale
1.2.2 Analysis at the Subcatchment Scale: A Case Study in the Flathead River-Lake Ecosystem
1.3 Specific Methods
1.3.1 Basic Method 1: Boundaries and Hydrography of the Catchment Basin
1.3.2 Basic Method 2: Other Landscape Attributes of the Catchment Basin
1.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Computerized Spatial Analyses of Riverscapes
1.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Identifying Ecosystem Problems at the Landscape Scale
1.3.5 Summary
1.4 Questions
1.4.1 Boundaries and Hydrography of the Catchment Basin
1.4.2 Other Landscape Attributes of the Catchment Basin
1.4.3 Computerized Spatial Analyses of Landscapes
1.4.4 Identifying Ecosystem Problems at the Landscape Scale
1.5 Materials and Supplies
References
2. Valley Segments, Stream Reaches, and Channel Units
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 Valley Segment Classification
2.1.1.1 Colluvial Valleys
2.1.1.2 Alluvial Valleys
2.1.1.3 Bedrock Valleys
2.1.1.4 Response Potential
2.1.2 Stream-Reach Classification
2.1.2.1 Cascade Reaches
2.1.2.2 Step-Pool Reaches
2.1.2.3 Plane-Bed Reaches
2.1.2.4 Pool-Riffle Reaches
2.1.2.5 Braided Reaches
2.1.2.6 Dune-Ripple Reaches
2.1.2.7 Forced Reaches
2.1.2.8 Hyporheic Exchange
2.1.2.9 Response Potential and Disturbance Regime
2.1.3 Channel Unit Classification
2.1.3.1 Rough Fast-Water Units
2.1.3.2 Smooth Fast-Water Units
2.1.3.3 Scour Pools
2.1.3.4 Dammed Pools
2.2 GENERAL DESIGN
2.2.1 Site Selection
2.2.2 General Procedures
2.3 SPECIFIC METHODS
2.3.1 Basic Method: Valley Segment, Stream Reach, and Channel Unit Classification
2.3.1.1 Laboratory Protocols
2.3.1.2 Field Protocols
Valley-Segment and Stream-Reach Classifications
Channel-Unit Inventory
2.3.2 Advanced Method: Detailed Measurements of Channel Units
2.4 QUESTIONS
2.5 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
REFERENCES
3. Discharge Measurements and Streamflow Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Design
3.2.1 Site Selection
3.2.2 Discharge, Cross-Sectional Area, and Velocity
3.2.2.1 Weirs
3.2.2.2 Midsection Method
3.2.2.3 Current Meters
3.2.2.4 Depth Measurement (Sounding)
3.2.2.5 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
3.2.2.6 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV)
3.2.2.7 Next Generation Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
3.2.2.8 Incorporating Channel Resistance and Slope
3.2.2.9 Flow-Duration Analysis
3.2.2.10 Flood-Frequency Analysis
3.2.2.11 Geographic Flow Pattern Analysis
3.3 Specific Methods
3.3.1 Basic Method 1: Volumetric Analysis
3.3.2 Basic Method 2: Velocity-Area Method
3.3.2.1 Float Protocol for Estimating Velocity
3.3.2.2 Current Meter Protocol for Estimating Velocity
3.3.2.3 Advanced Method 1: Slope-Area Method
3.3.2.4 Advanced Method 2: Stage-Discharge Method
3.3.2.5 Advanced Method 3: Analysis of Flood Frequency, Flow Duration, and Discharge Mass
Flood-Frequency Protocol
Flow-Duration Protocol
Discharge-Mass Protocol
3.4 Questions
3.5 Materials and Supplies
References
4. Dynamics of Flowing Water
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Flow Forms
4.1.2 Flow Forces
4.1.2.1 General Shear Stress
4.1.2.2 Local Shear Stress and Boundary Layers
4.1.2.3 Hydraulic Forces Exerted Directly by the Flow
4.1.2.4 Substrata and Streambed Stability
4.2 General Design
4.2.1 Site Selection
4.3 Specific Methods
4.3.1 Basic Method: Laboratory Preparation
4.3.2 Basic Method 1: Mapping Hydraulic Conditions and Habitats
4.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Mapping Hydraulic Conditions and Habitats
4.3.4 Basic Method 2: Streambed Stability and Shear Stress
4.3.5 Advanced Method 2: Streambed Stability and Shear Stress
4.4 Questions
4.5 Materials and Supplies
References
Appendix 4.1
5. Fluvial Geomorphic Processes
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Floodplain Processes and the Shifting Habitat Mosaic
5.1.2 Cut-and-Fill Alluviation and Avulsion
5.1.3 Summary
5.2 General Design
5.2.1 Patterns of Process Fluvial Geomorphology
5.2.1.1 Braiding
5.2.1.2 Channel Widening
5.2.1.3 Anastomosing
5.2.1.4 Meandering
5.2.2 The Role of Large Wood
5.3 Specific Methods
5.3.1 Basic Method 1: Quantifying Fluvial Geomorphic Thresholds
5.3.1.1 Protocols
5.3.2 Advanced Method 1: Quantifying Fluvial Geomorphic Thresholds Using a Flow-Competence Approach
5.3.2.1 Protocols
5.3.3 Advanced Method 2: Linking Fluvial Geomorphic Process With Field Attributes
5.3.3.1 Protocols
5.3.4 Advanced Method 3: Hydroacoustics to Determine Alluviation Processes
5.4 Questions
5.5 Materials and Supplies
References
6. Temperature
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Design
6.2.1 Data Collection
6.2.2 Stream Temperature Modeling
6.3 Specific Methods
6.3.1 Basic Method 1: Illustrating the Spatial Variation of Temperature
6.3.2 Advanced Method 1: Spatially Explicit Geostatistical Stream Temperature Modeling-Developing a Spatial Hierarchical Model to ...
6.4 Questions
6.5 Materials and Supplies
References
7. Light
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Design
7.3 Specific Methods
7.3.1 Basic Method 1: Daily Variation in Irradiances and Optional Estimate of Carbon Uptake
7.3.2 Advanced Method 1: Assessing Spatial Heterogeneity in Light
7.4 Questions
7.5 Materials and Supplies
References
8. Hyporheic Zones
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Definition
8.1.2 Spatial and Temporal Characteristics
8.1.3 Habitat and Refugia
8.1.4 Ecotones
8.1.5 Exchange With the Stream
8.1.6 Modeling
8.1.7 Landscape Scale
8.2 General Design
8.2.1 Characterizing the Location and Directions of Exchange-Mini-Piezometers
8.2.2 Temperature
8.2.3 Floodplain-Monitoring Network
8.2.4 Characterizing the Exchange Rates
8.2.5 Determining the Sediment Hydraulic Properties
8.2.6 Thermal Methods
8.2.7 Seepage Pits
8.2.8 Characterizing the Geochemistry and Biota
8.3 Specific Methods
8.3.1 Basic Method 1: Install and Determine VHG in Mini-Piezometers
8.3.2 Basic Method 2: Measuring the Hydraulic Conductivity (Kh, Kv) and Hyporheic Flux Rates
8.3.3 Basic Method 3: Measuring the Groundwater Velocity-Pit or Borehole Dilution Method
8.3.4 Advanced Method 1: Groundwater Flow Direction and Velocity Using the Tracer Injection and a Network of Down Gradient Monito ...
8.3.5 Advanced Method 2: Mapping the Bed Exchange and Flux Rates Using Temperature
8.3.6 Advanced Method 3: Sampling a Shallow Floodplain Well Field
8.4 Questions
8.5 Materials and Supplies
References
Section B: Stream Biota
9. Heterotrophic Bacteria Production and Microbial Community Assessment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Design
9.2.1 Basic Method: Bacterial Production
9.2.2 Advanced Method: Microbial Genomics
9.2.2.1 Field Sampling and Nucleic Acid Sample Preservation
9.2.2.2 Amplicon-Based Sequencing Technologies
9.3 Specific Methods
9.3.1 Basic Method: Assessing Heterotrophic Bacterial Productivity With [3H]leucine
9.3.1.1 Background
9.3.1.2 General Preparation for Production Laboratory
9.3.1.3 Production Procedure (Laboratory Preparation)1
9.3.1.4 Production Procedure (Laboratory)
9.3.1.5 Production Calculations
9.3.2 Advanced Method: Amplicon-Based Sequencing for Microbial Community Assessment
9.3.2.1 Background
9.3.2.2 General Laboratory Preparation for Sample Collections
9.3.2.3 Sample Transportation From Field to Laboratory
9.3.2.4 Nucleic Acid Extraction
9.3.2.5 DNA Quantification
9.3.2.6 DNA Amplicon Verification
9.3.2.7 Sample Storage (Laboratory)
9.3.2.8 Shipping Samples to Sequencing Facility
9.4 Questions
9.4.1 Bacterial Production
9.4.2 DNA Extraction and Sequencing
9.5 Materials and Supplies
References
10. Fungi: Biomass, Production, and Community Structure
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General Design
10.2.1 Site Selection and General Considerations
10.2.2 Sampling Conidia of Aquatic Hyphomycetes From the Water Column
10.2.3 Fungi Associated With Plant Litter
10.2.4 Sporulation Rate of Aquatic Hyphomycetes
10.2.5 Fungal Biomass
10.2.6 Fungal Production
10.2.7 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
10.3 Specific Methods
10.3.1 Basic Method 1: Conidia of Aquatic Hyphomycetes in the Water Column
10.3.1.1 Field Protocol
10.3.1.2 Laboratory Protocol
10.3.1.3 Data Analysis
10.3.2 Basic Method 2: Sporulation Rate of Aquatic Hyphomycetes
10.3.2.1 Field Protocol
10.3.2.2 Laboratory Protocol
10.3.2.3 Data Analysis
10.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Fungal Biomass
10.3.3.1 Preparation Protocol
10.3.3.2 Field Protocol
10.3.3.3 Laboratory Protocol
10.3.3.4 Data Analysis
10.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Fungal Production
10.3.4.1 Preparation Protocol
10.3.4.2 Field Protocol
10.3.4.3 Laboratory Protocol
10.3.4.4 Data Analysis
10.3.5 Advanced Method 3: Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
10.3.5.1 Preparation Protocol
10.3.5.2 Field Protocol
10.3.5.3 Laboratory Protocol
10.3.5.4 Data Analysis
10.4 Questions
10.5 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
References
11. Benthic Stream Algae: Distribution and Structure
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Algae
11.1.2 Classification
11.1.3 Physiognomy
11.1.4 Roles of Benthic Algae in Stream Communities
11.1.5 Objectives
11.2 General Design
11.2.1 Site Selection
11.2.2 Field Sampling
11.2.2.1 Epilithon
11.2.2.2 Epidendron
11.2.2.3 Epipelon
11.2.2.4 Epiphyton
11.2.2.5 Epipsammon
11.2.2.6 Epizoon
11.2.3 Preservation and Labeling
11.2.4 Laboratory Processing
11.2.4.1 Identification of algae
11.2.4.2 Quantitative methods
11.3 Specific Methods
11.3.1 Basic Method: Investigation of Algal Microhabitats
11.3.1.1 Field Sampling (1h)
11.3.1.2 Laboratory Identification (2h)
11.3.2 Advanced Method: Analyses of Algal Density-Cellular Versus Volumetric Analyses
11.3.2.1 Field Sampling (1.5h)
11.3.2.2 Laboratory Identification (3h)
11.4 Questions
11.4.1 Basic Method
11.4.2 Advanced Method
11.5 Materials and Supplies
References
Appendix 11.1 Cleaning and Mounting Diatoms
Cleaning Method 1: Household Bleach (Modified From Carr et al., 1986)
Cleaning Method 2: Hydrogen Peroxide and Potassium Dichromate (Modified From Van Der Werff, l955)
Slide-Making
APPENDIX 11.2 SEMIPERMANENT MOUNTS OF SOFT ALGAE
Method: Soft Algae Mounts
Stock Solutions
Procedure
Appendix 11.2 Semipermanent Mounts of Soft Algae
Method: Soft Algae Mounts
Stock Solutions
Procedure
Appendix 11.3 Illustrated Key to the Most Common Lotic Algal Genera
Terms Relevant to Illustrated Key
Legends for Figures of Benthic Algal Genera (All Scale Bars=10μm Unless Labeled Otherwise)
Appendix 11.4 Detailed Taxonomic References for the Identification of Benthic Stream Algae
12. Biomass and Pigments of Benthic Algae
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Context for the Study of Algal Biomass
12.1.2 Different Approaches to Measuring Biomass: General Overviews
12.1.2.1 Ash-Free Dry Mass
12.1.2.2 Pigment Analysis
12.1.2.3 Biovolume
12.1.3 Overview of Chapter
12.2 General Design
12.2.1 Overall Design of Exercise
12.2.2 Site Selection
12.2.3 Overview of Analytical Procedures
12.2.3.1 Substratum Type
12.2.3.2 Collection of Algae
12.2.3.3 Dry Mass and Ash-Free Dry Mass
12.2.3.4 Chlorophyll and Degradation Products
12.2.4 Optional Exercises
12.2.5 Data Analysis
12.3 Specific Methods
12.3.1 Basic Method 1: Open Versus Shaded Reach Comparison Using Artificial Substrata
12.3.1.1 Preparation Protocol
12.3.1.2 Protocol for Field Collection and Photosynthetically Active Radiation Measurements
12.3.1.3 Field Protocol for In Vivo Fluorometric Measurements
12.3.1.4 Laboratory Protocol: Biomass Removal and Pigment Extraction and Filtration-Spectrophotometry and High-Performance Liquid Ch ...
12.3.1.5 Advanced Method 1-Chlorophyll a by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
12.3.1.6 Laboratory Protocol: AFDM Measurement
12.3.1.7 Laboratory Protocol: Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chlorophyll a
12.3.1.8 Laboratory Protocol for Advanced Method: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Pigments
12.3.2 Basic Method 2: Analysis of Pigments on Natural versus Artificial Substrata
12.3.2.1 Preparation Protocol
12.3.2.2 Field Collection
12.3.2.3 Laboratory Procedures
12.3.3 Advanced Method 2: Correlating Biomass with Environmental Variables and Relating Biomass to Algal Taxonomic Structure
12.3.4 Data Analysis
12.3.4.1 Dry Mass and Ash-Free Dry Mass55Some researchers report AFDM as g/m2 instead of mg/cm2; to convert from mg/cm2 to g/m2, mul ...
12.3.4.2 Major Pigments by Spectrophotometry
12.3.4.3 Autotrophic Index66Remember to convert chlorophyll a from µg/cm2 to mg/cm2 (divide by 1000) before calculating this index.
12.3.4.4 Statistical Comparisons Using t-Tests (Zar, 2010; or see Chapter 38)
12.3.4.5 Specific Pigments by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (see Table 12.3)
12.4 Questions
12.5 Materials and Supplies
References
13. Macrophytes and Bryophytes
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Macrophytes: An Overview
13.1.2 Bryophytes: An Overview
13.2 General Design
13.2.1 Site Selection
13.2.2 Field Sampling
13.2.3 Laboratory Processing
13.2.4 Data Reduction and Analysis
13.3 Specific Methods
13.3.1 Field Equipment-General Comments
13.3.2 Basic Method: Estimating Biomass from Abundance Data
13.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Effect Analysis of Flow Regime on Community Structure
13.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Growth and Transplant Studies
13.3.5 Advanced Method 3: Assessing Bryophyte Fauna
13.4 Questions
13.5 Materials and Supplies
References
Appendix 13.1 Field Key to Genera of Common
North American Stream Bryophytes
Figure legends and photo credits for Appendix 13.1.
14. Meiofauna
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 GENERAL DESIGN
14.2.1 Site Selection
14.2.2 Sampling
14.2.2.1 Qualitative Collection of Live Animals for the Classroom and for Experimentation
14.2.2.2 Quantitative Collection of Samples
14.2.3 Sample Preservation
14.3 SPECIFIC METHODS
14.3.1 Basic Method 1: Observing the Living Meiofauna and Their Adaptations
14.3.2 Basic Method 2: Extraction, Enumeration, and Identification of Preserved Meiofauna
14.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Molecular Approach to Meiofauna Taxonomy and Species Distribution
14.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Establishing Laboratory Cultures and Determining Effects of Toxicants on Development and Reproduction
14.3.4.1 Establishing Laboratory Cultures and Measuring Development and Reproduction
14.3.4.2 Performing Single-Species Toxicity Tests and Monitoring Effects at the Community Level
14.3.5 Advanced Method 3: Determining Trophic Relationships
14.3.5.1 Observation of Morphology, Movements, Feeding Behavior, and Gut Contents
14.3.5.2 Cafeteria Experiments
14.3.5.3 Predator-Prey Functional Responses
14.3.5.4 Field Enclosures
14.3.5.5 Use of Trophic Tracers and New Techniques in Trophic Ecology
14.4 QUESTIONS
14.5 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
REFERENCES
15. Macroinvertebrates
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Phylogeny and Adaptations
15.2 General Design
15.2.1 Field Sampling
15.2.2 Laboratory Procedures
15.3 Specific Methods
15.3.1 Basic Method 1: Distributions and Habitat Relationships
15.3.1.1 Laboratory Preparation
15.3.1.2 Field Collection
15.3.1.3 Field Sorting and Identification
15.3.1.4 Laboratory Sorting, Identification, and Enumeration
15.3.1.5 Data Analyses
15.3.2 Basic Method 2: Watershed Scale Distribution
15.3.2.1 Laboratory Preparation
15.3.2.2 Field Collection
15.3.2.3 Laboratory Analysis
15.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Population Dynamics and Movement
15.3.3.1 Behavioral Observations
15.3.3.2 Mark and Recapture
15.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Laboratory Artificial Stream Experiments
15.3.4.1 Setup and Experimentation
15.3.4.2 Analysis of Growth Experiments
15.4 Questions
15.5 Materials and Supplies
References
Appendix 15.1
16. Fish Assemblages
16.1 Introduction
16.2 General Design
16.2.1 Sample Site Selection
16.2.2 Pre-Fieldwork Preparation
16.3 Specific Methods
16.3.1 Basic Method 1: Surveying Methods to Estimate Population Sizes
16.3.2 Basic Method 2: Field Processing of Fish Specimens
16.3.3 Basic Method 3: Characterizing Fish-Assemblage Structure
16.3.4 Advanced Method 1: Comparing Complete Assemblages
16.3.5 Advanced Method 2: Characterizing Individual Associations at Species and Assemblage Levels
16.3.6 Advanced Method 3: Modeling Species' Interactions with Signed Digraphs
16.3.6.1 Loop Analysis
16.4 Questions
16.5 Materials and Supplies
References
APPENDIX 16.1 Key to Common Freshwater Fish Families Found in Wadeable Streams of the USA (Modified from Eddy and Underhill ...
17. Amphibians and Reptiles
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General Design
17.2.1 Study Design Considerations
17.2.2 Site Selection
17.2.2.1 Stream-Breeding Salamanders
17.2.2.2 Turtles
17.2.2.3 Special Considerations for Working With Amphibians and Reptiles
7.3 Specific Methods
7.3.1 Basic Method 1: Estimating Detection Probabilities
17.3.1.1 Field Data Collection
17.3.2 Basic Method 2: Estimating Occupancy Probabilities When Detection is Less Than One
17.3.2.1 Field Data Collection
17.3.2.2 Data Analysis
17.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Estimating Survival, Sex Ratios, and Abundance Using Capture-Mark-Recapture Protocols
17.3.3.1 Field Collection
17.3.3.2 Data Analysis
17.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Estimating Stream Salamander Abundance From Count Data
17.3.4.1 Data Analysis
17.4 Questions
17.5 Materials and Supplies
Supplemental Information
References
Section C: Community Interactions
18. Invertebrate Consumer-Resource Interactions
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.1.1 Top-Down Interactions Between Invertebrate Grazers and Primary Consumers
18.1.2 Top-Down Interactions Between Invertebrate Predators and Prey
18.2 GENERAL DESIGN
18.2.1 Site and Species Selection
18.2.2 Field-Derived Electivity Indices-Generating Hypotheses for Community-Level Effects
18.2.3 Field Experiments
18.2.3.1 Relatively Sedentary Herbivore Platform Exclusions
18.2.3.2 Herbivore and Predator Cage Enclosures
18.2.3.3 Nonconsumptive Effects of Predators on Prey Behavior and Life History
18.3 SPECIFIC METHODS
18.3.1 Basic Method 1: Electivity Indices for Invertebrate Predators
18.3.1.1 Field Protocols
18.3.1.2 Laboratory Sorting, Counting, and Reference Protocols
18.3.1.3 Protocol for Gut Content Analyses
18.3.2 Basic Method 2: Relatively Sedentary Herbivore Exclusion Using Platforms
18.3.2.1 Platform Construction
18.3.2.2 Initial Fieldwork
18.3.2.3 Installation of Platforms
18.3.2.4 Sampling Platform Substrates
18.3.2.5 Laboratory and Data Analyses
18.3.3 Basic Method 3: Herbivore or Predator Manipulation Using Enclosures
18.3.3.1 Enclosure Construction
18.3.3.2 Enclosure Installation
18.3.3.3 Sampling Enclosures
18.3.4 Advanced Method 1-Experiments to Test Nonconsumptive Predator Effects on Prey Behavior and Life History
18.3.4.1 Experimental Design
18.3.5 Data Analysis
18.3.5.1 Electivity Indices
18.3.5.2 Exclosure Experiments (Platforms)
18.3.5.3 Enclosure Experiments
18.3.5.4 Nonconsumptive Effects
18.4 QUESTIONS
18.5 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
REFERENCES
19. Macroconsumer-Resource Interactions
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General Design
19.2.1 Site Selection and Timing of Experiment
19.2.2 Field Experiments
19.2.2.1 Macroconsumer Exclosure Cages
19.2.2.2 Electric Exclosures to Manipulate Consumers
19.2.2.3 Optional Method-Enclosure/Exclosure Density Manipulations
19.2.2.4 Laboratory Analyses
19.3 Specific Methods
19.3.1 Basic Method: Macroconsumer Exclosure Cages
19.3.1.1 Initial Field Work
19.3.1.2 Exclosure Construction and Installation
19.3.1.3 Sampling Exclosures
19.3.2 Advanced Method: Macroconsumer Manipulation Using Electric Exclosures
19.3.2.1 Electric Exclosure Construction
19.3.2.2 Initial Field Work
19.3.2.3 Installation of Experiment
19.3.2.4 Experimental Sampling
19.3.3 Optional Method: Macroconsumer Density Manipulation
19.3.3.1 Initial Field Work
19.3.3.2 Enclosure Construction and Installation
19.3.3.3 Sampling Enclosures
19.3.4 Data Analysis
19.4 Questions
19.5 Materials and Supplies
References
20. Trophic Relationships of Macroinvertebrates
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 GENERAL DESIGN
20.2.1 Site, Habitat, and Timing of Sampling
20.2.2 Collection and Processing of Samples
20.2.3 Functional Group Designations
20.2.4 Functional Feeding Group Ratios as Surrogates for Ecosystem Attributes
20.3 SPECIFIC METHODS
20.3.1 Basic Method 1: Determining Macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups in the Field
20.3.2 Advanced Method 1: Optional Field Exercise
20.3.3 Basic Method 2: Determining Macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups in the Laboratory
20.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Optional Laboratory Exercise
20.4 QUESTIONS
20.5 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 20.1 KEY TO THE FUNCTIONAL FEEDING GROUPS OF LOTIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
21. Macroinvertebrate Drift, Adult Insect Emergence and Oviposition
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Drift of Stream Invertebrates
21.1.2 Emergence of Adult Stream Insects
21.1.3 Oviposition by Stream Insects
21.2 General Design
21.2.1 Site Selection
21.2.2 General Procedures-Drift
21.2.3 General Procedures-Emergence and Postemergent Insects
21.2.4 General Procedures-Oviposition by Stream Insects
21.3 Specific Methods
21.3.1 Basic Method 1: Filtration Efficiency of Drift Nets
21.3.2 Basic Method 2: Drift Concentrations Among Habitats
21.3.3 Advanced Method 1: Quantifying Active Drift of Stream Invertebrates
21.3.4 Advanced Method 2: Quantifying Drift in Unwadeable Rivers
21.3.5 Basic Method 3: Quantifying Emergence of Adult Stream Insects
21.3.6 Basic Method 4: Investigating Lateral Dispersion of Emergent Stream Insects
21.3.7 Advanced Method 3: Investigating Availability of Emergent Insects as Potential Prey for Terrestrial Insectivores
21.3.8 Basic Method 5: Observing Oviposition by Stream Insects
21.3.9 Basic Method 6: Rearing Stream Insect Eggs
21.3.10 Advanced Method 4: Characterizing Habitat Availability and Site Selection for Oviposition
21.4 Questions
21.5 Materials and Supplies
References
22. Trophic Relations of Stream Fishes
22.1 Introduction
22.2 General Design
22.2.1 Field Studies of Fishes
22.2.2 Mesocosm Studies
22.2.3 Diet and Morphology
22.2.4 Data Collection, Synthesis, and Analysis
22.3 Specific Methods
22.3.1 Basic Method 1: Observations of Fish Foraging
22.3.1.1 Field Observation via Snorkeling
22.3.2 Basic Method 2: Analysis of Fish-Gut Morphology and Contents
22.3.2.1 Field Procedures
22.3.2.2 Laboratory Procedure: Obtaining Gut Contents and Measuring the Gut Length
22.3.2.3 Laboratory Procedure: Identifying and Quantifying the Gut Contents
22.3.3 Basic Method 3: Fecal Organic Content as a Metric of Dietary Selectivity
22.3.3.1 Field and Laboratory Procedures
22.3.3.2 Analysis of Intestine Length Data
22.3.4 Advanced Method 1: Morphology of Prey Items
22.3.5 Advanced Method 2: Assessing Mouth and Dental Morphology of Fishes
22.3.5.1 Laboratory Procedures
22.3.6 Advanced Method 3: Dissection and Removal of Pharyngeal (Throat) Teeth from Fish
22.3.7 Advanced Method 4: Stable Isotope Analysis of Fish Trophic Ecology
22.3.8 Advanced Method 5: Morphometric Analysis of Evolutionary Changes in Body Shape
22.3.9 Further Analyses of Gut Content Data
22.3.9.1 Basic Analysis of Gut Contents Data
22.4 Questions
22.5 Materials and Supplies
References
Glossary
Index
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