Encyclopedia of Practical Photography Volume 12

Guide for the Reader Use this encyclopedia as you would any good encyclopedia or dictionary. Look for the subject desired as it first occurs to you---most often you will locate it immediately. The shorter articles begin with a dictionary-style definition, and the longer articles begin with a short paragraph that summarizes the article that follows. Either of these should tell you if the information you need is in the article. The longer articles are then broken down by ~eries of ~adings and sub-headings to aid further in locating specific information. Cross References If you do not find the specific information you are seeking in the articl/first consulted, use the cross references (within the article and at the end of it) to lead you~o more informa- tion. The cross references can lead you from a general article to the more detailed articles into which the subject i~; divided. Cross references are printed in capital letters so that you can easily recognize them. Example: See also." ZONE SYSTEM. Index If the initial article you turn to does not supply you with the information you seek, and the cross references do not lead you to it, use the index in the last volume. The index contains thousands of entries to help you identify and locate any subject you seek. Symbols To further aid you in locating information, the articles throughout have been organized into major photographic categories. Each category is represented by a symbol displayed on the opposite page. By using only the symbols, you can scan each volume and locate all the information under any of the general categories. Thus, if you wish to read all about lighting, simply locate the lighting symbols and read the articles under them. Reading Lists Most o~the longer articles are followed by reading lists citing useful sources for further information. Should you require additional sources, check the cross-referenced articles for additional reading lists. Metric Measurement Both the U.S. Customary System of measurement and the International System (SI) are used throughout this encyclopedia. In most cases, the metric measurement is given first with the U.S. customary equivalent following in parenthesis. When equivalent measurements are given, they will be rounded off to the nearest whole unit or a tenth of a unit, unless precise measurement is important. When a measurement is considered a "standard," equivalents will not be given. For example: 35 mm film, 200 mm lens, 4" ~ 5" negative, and 8" ~ 10" prints will not be given with their customary or metric equivalents. HOW Articles Article titles are alphabetized by letter sequence, with word breaks and hyphens not are Alphabetized considered. Example: Archer, Frederick Scott Architectural Photography Archival Processing Arc Lamps Abbreviations are alphabetized according to the letters of the abbreviations, not by the words the letters stand for. Example:

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