批判性思维:方法与应用(英文版.第13版)

欢迎开启轻松而充实的批判性思维之旅！ 本书将带领大家理解思维规则、训练思维能力、规范思维过程，进而合理判断、明智行动。 全书共分十二章，作者以日常生活为素材，详解论证方法，剖析思维谬误，详谈思考、演讲与写作，并讨论道德、法律与美学领域的思辨，还提供了丰富的习题，帮助读者一举掌握批判性思维的方法和应用。

Preface xxii Changes to the 13th Edition xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1 Driving Blindfolded 1 Beliefs and Claims 4 Issues 7 Arguments 8 Cognitive Biases 15 Truth and Knowledge 21 What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do 22 A Word About the Exercises 22 Recap 22 Additional Exercises 24 Answers and Tips 33 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 35 Arguments: General Features 35 Two Kinds of Arguments 37 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 40 Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments 40 Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments 41 Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments 43 Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 44 Balance of Considerations 46 Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments 47 Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 48 Techniques for Understanding Arguments 54 Evaluating Arguments 57 Recap 58 Additional Exercises 59 Answers and Tips 70 Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 73 Vagueness 74 Ambiguity 76 Generality 79 Defining Terms 84 Writing Argumentative Essays 87 Recap 92 Additional Exercises 92 Answers and Tips 101 Chapter 4 Credibility 103 The Believability of Claims 104 The Credibility of Sources 112 The News 118 Advertising 126 Recap 130 Additional Exercises 131 Answers and Tips 140 Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 142 Rhetorical Force 143 Rhetorical Devices I 144 Rhetorical Devices II 147 Rhetorical Devices III 151 Rhetorical Devices IV 152 Proof Surrogates and Repetition 158 Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 161 The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 163 Recap 166 Additional Exercises 167 Answers and Tips 184 Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 186 Argumentum Ad Hominem 187 Straw Man 189 False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 190 Misplacing the Burden of Proof 192 Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) 194 Appeal to Emotion 195 Irrelevant Conclusion 198 Recap 200 Exercises 201 Answers and Tips 207 Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 208 Generalizations 208 Weak Analogy 213 Mistaken Appeal to Authority 214 Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief) 215 Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect 217 Slippery Slope 224 Untestable Explanation 224 Line-Drawing Again 225 Recap 225 Exercises 226 Answers and Tips 234 Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 235 Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle 235 The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly 239 The Fallacies of Composition and Division 241 Confusing Explanations with Excuses 242 Confusing Contraries and Contradictories 244 Consistency and Inconsistency 246 Miscalculating Probabilities 246 Recap 251 Additional Exercises 252 Answers and Tips 259 Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 260 Categorical Claims 262 Translation into Standard Form (Introduction) 264 The Square of Opposition 271 Three Categorical Relations 272 Categorical Syllogisms 281 Recap 294 Additional Exercises 294 Answers and Tips 304 Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic 309 Truth Tables and Logical Symbols 310 Symbolizing Compound Claims 316 Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version) 323 Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version) 330 Deductions 338 Recap 356 Additional Exercises 356 Answers and Tips 363 Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 368 Argument from Analogy 368 Generalizing from a Sample 377 Scientific Generalizing from a Sample 379 De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism) 381 Causal Statements and Their Support 388 Calculating Statistical Probabilities 407 Causation in the Law 412 Recap 413 Additional Exercises 414 Answers and Tips 421 Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 425 Value Judgments 426 Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning 432 Moral Deliberation 439 Legal Reasoning 444 Aesthetic Reasoning 448 Recap 454 Additional Exercises 455 Answers and Tips 458 Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions 460 Glossary 483 Index 492

布鲁克·诺埃尔·摩尔（Brooke Noel Moore），加州大学芝加哥分校的哲学教授，负责该校批判性思维项目，曾任历史与哲学系主任，著有《思想的力量》《伦理学综述》等。 理查德·帕克（Richard Parker），加州大学芝加哥分校哲学系荣休教授，曾任本科教育系主任、校长行政助理，发表多部有关分析哲学、批判性思维、法律哲学的作品。

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