Understanding Research Methods

• Designed for students who are getting lost in the details of research methods and not getting the big picture, this short book provides an overview of the essential concepts traditionally covered in a research methods class. •Lively examples on contemporary topics stimulate students’ interest and show the relevance of research methods to their everyday lives. •Divided into short sections, this book makes it easy for you to give customized assignments. Assign only the sections your students need. •Shows students how to interpret statistics without computations. •Factual Questions at the end of each section allow students to check their comprehension. •Questions for Discussion stimulate classroom dialogue. • New to this edition: Five new sections on in-text citations and reference lists have been added. Numerous changes have also been made for consistency with the latest editions of the APA and ASA Style manuals, and new examples have been added.

Part A Introduction to Research Methods 1. Introduction to Empirical Research 2. Experimental versus Nonexperimental Studies 3. Experimental versus Causal-Comparative Studies 4. Types of Nonexperimental Research 5. Variables in Nonexperimental Studies 6. Variables in Experimental Studies 7. Research Hypotheses, Purposes, and Questions 8. Operational Definitions of Variables 9. Quantitative versus Qualitative Research: I 10. Quantitative versus Qualitative Research: II 11. Program Evaluation 12. Ethical Considerations in Research 13. The Role of Theory in Research Part B Reviewing Literature 14. Reasons for Reviewing Literature 15. Locating Literature Electronically 16. Organizing a Literature Review 17. Preparing to Write a Critical Review 18. Creating a Synthesis Part C In-Text Citations and Reference Lists 19. Introduction to Style Guides 20. In-Text Citations: ASA Style 21. Reference Lists: ASA Style 22. In-Text Citations: APA Style 23. Reference Lists: APA Style Part D Sampling 24. Biased and Unbiased Sampling 25. Simple Random and Systematic Sampling 26. Stratified Random Sampling 27. Other Methods of Sampling 28. Sampling and Demographics 29. Introduction to Sample Size 30. A Closer Look at Sample Size Part E Measurement 31. Introduction to Validity 32. Judgmental Validity 33. Empirical Validity 34. Judgmental-Empirical Validity 35. Reliability and Its Relationship to Validity 36. Measures of Reliability 37. Internal Consistency and Reliability 38. Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Tests 39. Measures of Optimum Performance 40. Measures of Typical Performance Part F Experimental Design 41. True Experimental Designs 42. Threats to Internal Validity 43. Threats to External Validity 44. Preexperimental Designs 45. Quasi-Experimental Designs 46. Confounding in Experiments Part G Understanding Statistics 47. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 48. Introduction to the Null Hypothesis 49. Scales of Measurement 50. Descriptions of Nominal Data 51. Introduction to the Chi-Square Test 52. A Closer Look at the Chi-Square Test 53. Shapes of Distributions 54. The Mean, Median, and Mode 55. The Mean and Standard Deviation 56. The Median and Interquartile Range 57. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient 58. The t Test 59. One-Way Analysis of Variance 60. Two-Way Analysis of Variance 61. Practical Significance of Results Part H Effect Size and Meta-Analysis 62. Introduction to Effect Size (d) 63. Interpretation of Effect Size (d) 64. Effect Size and Correlation (r) 65. Introduction to Meta-Analysis 66. Meta-Analysis and Effect Size 67. Meta-Analysis: Strengths and Weaknesses Part I Qualitative Research 68. Sampling in Qualitative Research: I 69. Sampling in Qualitative Research: II 70. Measurement in Qualitative Research: I 71. Measurement in Qualitative Research: II 72. Quality Control in Qualitative Research 73. Grounded Theory for Data Analysis 74. Consensual Qualitative Research: Analysis Part J Preparing Research Reports 75. The Structure of a Research Report 76. Writing Abstracts 77. Introduction and Literature Review 78. Describing Participants 79. Describing Measures 80. Reporting Research Results 81. Writing the Discussion 82. Preparing Theses and Dissertations Appendices A. Electronic Databases for Locating Literature B. Electronic Sources of Statistical Information C. Excerpts from Literature Reviews D. A Closer Look at the Standard Deviation E. A Closer Look at Effect Size F. Outline of Question Route for a Focus Group Study G. Sample Abstracts of Research Reports H. Sample Description of Qualitative Data Analysis I. A Closer Look at Abbreviated Page Numbers in ASA Style Tables 1. Table of Random Numbers 2. Table of Recommended Sample Sizes Index

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